晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。渔人甚异之,复前行,欲穷其林。 林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。便舍船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数十步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨然,有良田、美池、桑竹之属。阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人。黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。 见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语云:“不足为外人道也。”(间隔 一作:隔绝) 既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路。 南阳刘子骥,高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往。未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
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GENERAL INFORMATION ON PERFORMANCE TESTS
----------------------------------------
The following performance tests were based on two file sets: the
liveCD filesystem from the Ubuntu liveCD (Warty release), and the
liveCD filesystem from the Damn Small Linux liveCD (release 0.8.4).
The Ubuntu liveCD filesystem was used to test filesystem performance
from CDROM and hard disk for Zisofs, Cloop, Squashfs 2.0 and Squashfs2.1.
CRAMFS filesystem performance could not be tested for this filesystem
bacause it exceeds the maximum supported size of CRAMFS. To test
CRAMFS performance against Squashfs, the liveCD filesystem from
Damn Small Linux was used.
NOTE: the usual warnings apply to these results, they are provided for
illustrative purposes only, and due to different hardware and/or file data, you
may obtain different results. As such the results are provided "as is" without
any warranty (either express or implied) and you assume all risks as to their
quality and accuracy.
1. Ubuntu liveCD performance tests
ext3 uncompressed size 1.4 GB
Zisofs compressed size 589.81 MB
Cloop compressed size 471.89 MB
Squashfs2.0 compressed size 448.58 MB
Squashfs2.1 compressed size 448.58 MB
1.1 Performance tests from CDROM
1.1.1 Directory Lookup performance
Time taken to perform "ls -lR --color=alawys | cat > /dev/null" on filesystem
mounted from CDROM
Zisofs 49.88 seconds (User 2.60 secs, Sys 11.19 secs)
Cloop 20.80 seconds (User 2.71 secs, Sys 13.50 secs)
Squashfs2.0 16.56 seconds (User 2.42 secs, Sys 10.37 secs)
Squashfs2.1 10.14 seconds (User 2.48 secs, Sys 4.44 secs)
1.1.2 Sequential I/O performance
Time taken to perform "tar cf - | cat > /dev/null" on filesystem mounted
from CDROM
Zisofs 27 minutes 28.54 seconds (User 3.00 secs, Sys 1 min 4.80 secs)
Cloop 5 minutes 55.72 seconds (User 2.90 secs, Sys 3 min 37.90 secs)
Squashfs2.0 5 minutes 20.87 seconds (User 2.33 secs, Sys 56.98 secs)
Squashfs2.1 5 minutes 15.46 seconds (user 2.28 secs, Sys 51.12 secs)
1.1.3 Random I/O performance
Random access pattern generated by "find /mnt -type f -printf "%s %p\n" | sort
-g | awk '{ printf $2 }' > /tmp/sort
Time taken to perform "cpio -o --quiet -H newc < /tmp/sort > /dev/null"
on filesystem mounted from CDROM
Zisofs 101 minutes 29.65 seconds (User 5.33 secs, Sys 1 min 17.20 secs)
Cloop 35 minutes 27.51 seconds (user 5.93 secs, Sys 4 mins 30.23 secs)
Squashfs2.0 21 minutes 53.05 seconds (user 5.71 secs, Sys 2 mins 36.59 secs)
Squashfs2.1 21 minutes 46.99 seconds (User 5.80 secs, Sys 2 mins 31.88 secs)
1.2 Performance tests from Hard disk
1.2.1 Directory Lookup performance
Time taken to perform "ls -lR --color=alawys | cat > /dev/null" on filesystem
mounted from Hard disk
Zisofs 17.29 seconds (User 2.62 secs, Sys 11.08 secs)
Cloop 16.46 seconds (User 2.63 secs, Sys 13.41 secs)
Squashfs2.0 13.75 seconds (User 2.44 secs, Sys 11.00 secs)
Squashfs2.1 6.94 seconds (User 2.44 secs, Sys 4.48 secs)
1.2.2 Sequential I/O performance
Time taken to perform "tar cf - | cat > /dev/null" on filesystem mounted
from Hard disk
Zisofs 1 minute 21.47 seconds (User 2.73 secs, Sys 54.44 secs)
Cloop 1 minute 34.06 seconds (user 2.85 secs, Sys 1 min 12.13 secs)
Squashfs2.0 1 minute 21.22 seconds (User 2.42 secs, Sys 56.21 secs)
Squashfs2.1 1 minute 15.46 seconds (User 2.36 secs, Sys 49.78 secs)
1.2.3 Random I/O performance
Random access pattern generated by "find /mnt -type f -printf "%s %p\n" | sort
-g | awk '{ printf $2 }' > /tmp/sort
Time taken to perform "cpio -o --quiet -H newc < /tmp/sort > /dev/null"
on filesystem mounted from Hard disk
Zisofs 11 minutes 13.64 seconds (User 5.08 secs, Sys 52.62 secs)
Cloop 5 minutes 37.93 seconds (user 6 secs, Sys 2 mins 22.38 secs)
Squashfs2.0 5 minutes 7.11 seconds (user 5.63 secs, Sys 2 mins 35.23 secs)
Squashfs2.1 5 minutes 1.87 seconds (User 5.71 secs, Sys 2 mins 29.98 secs)
2. Damn Small Linux liveCD performance tests
ext3 uncompressed size 126 MB
CRAMFS compressed size 52.19 MB
Squashfs2.0 compressed size 46.52 MB
Squashfs2.1 compressed size 46.52 MB
2.1 Performance tests from CDROM
2.1.1 Directory Lookup performance
Time taken to perform "ls -lR --color=alawys | cat > /dev/null" on filesystem
mounted from CDROM
CRAMFS 10.85 seconds (User 0.39 secs, Sys 0.98 secs)
Squashfs2.0 2.97 seconds (User 0.36 secs, Sys 2.15 secs)
Squashfs2.1 2.43 seconds (User 0.40 secs, Sys 1.42 secs)
2.1.2 Sequential I/O performance
Time taken to perform "tar cf - | cat > /dev/null" on filesystem mounted
from CDROM
CRAMFS 55.38 seconds (User 0.34 secs, Sys 6.98 secs)
Squashfs2.0 35.99 seconds (User 0.30 secs, Sys 6.35 secs)
Squashfs2.1 33.83 seconds (User 0.26 secs, Sys 5.56 secs)
2.1.3 Random I/O performance
Random access pattern generated by "find /mnt -type f -printf "%s %p\n" | sort
-g | awk '{ printf $2 }' > /tmp/sort
Time taken to perform "cpio -o --quiet -H newc < /tmp/sort > /dev/null"
on filesystem mounted from CDROM
CRAMFS 3 minutes 1.68 seconds (User 0.54 secs, Sys 9.51 secs)
Squashfs2.0 1 minute 39.45 seconds (User 0.57 secs, Sys 13.14 secs)
Squashfs2.1 1 minute 38.41 seconds (User 0.58 secs, Sys 13.08 secs)
2.2 Performance tests from Hard disk
2.2.1 Directory Lookup performance
Time taken to perform "ls -lR --color=alawys | cat > /dev/null" on filesystem
mounted from Hard disk
CRAMFS 1.77 seconds (User 0.53 secs, Sys 1.21 secs)
Squashfs2.0 2.67 seconds (User 0.41 secs, Sys 2.25 secs)
Squashfs2.1 1.87 seconds (User 0.41 secs, Sys 1.46 secs)
2.2.2 Sequential I/O performance
Time taken to perform "tar cf - | cat > /dev/null" on filesystem mounted
from Hard disk
CRAMFS 6.80 seconds (User 0.36 secs, Sys 6.02 secs)
Squashfs2.0 7.23 seconds (User 0.29 secs, Sys 6.62 secs)
Squashfs2.1 6.53 seconds (User 0.31 secs, Sys 5.82 secs)
2.2.3 Random I/O performance
Random access pattern generated by "find /mnt -type f -printf "%s %p\n" | sort
-g | awk '{ printf $2 }' > /tmp/sort
Time taken to perform "cpio -o --quiet -H newc < /tmp/sort > /dev/null"
on filesystem mounted from Hard disk
CRAMFS 28.55 seconds (User 0.49 secs, Sys 6.49 secs)
Squashfs2.0 25.44 seconds (User 0.58 secs, Sys 13.17 secs)
Squashfs2.1 24.72 seconds (User 0.56 secs, Sys 13.15 secs)