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  <div class="section" id="extending-distutils">
<span id="id1"></span><h1>8. Extending Distutils<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-distutils" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Distutils can be extended in various ways.  Most extensions take the form of new
commands or replacements for existing commands.  New commands may be written to
support new types of platform-specific packaging, for example, while
replacements for existing commands may be made to modify details of how the
command operates on a package.</p>
<p>Most extensions of the distutils are made within <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> scripts that
want to modify existing commands; many simply add a few file extensions that
should be copied into packages in addition to <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code> files as a
convenience.</p>
<p>Most distutils command implementations are subclasses of the
<a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#distutils.cmd.Command" title="distutils.cmd.Command"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils.cmd.Command</span></code></a> class.  New commands may directly inherit from
<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Command</span></code>, while replacements often derive from <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Command</span></code>
indirectly, directly subclassing the command they are replacing.  Commands are
required to derive from <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Command</span></code>.</p>
<div class="section" id="integrating-new-commands">
<h2>8.1. Integrating new commands<a class="headerlink" href="#integrating-new-commands" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are different ways to integrate new command implementations into
distutils.  The most difficult is to lobby for the inclusion of the new features
in distutils itself, and wait for (and require) a version of Python that
provides that support.  This is really hard for many reasons.</p>
<p>The most common, and possibly the most reasonable for most needs, is to include
the new implementations with your <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> script, and cause the
<a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#distutils.core.setup" title="distutils.core.setup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils.core.setup()</span></code></a> function use them:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.command.build_py</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">build_py</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">_build_py</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.core</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">build_py</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_build_py</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Specialized Python source builder.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>

    <span class="c1"># implement whatever needs to be different...</span>

<span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmdclass</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;build_py&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">build_py</span><span class="p">},</span>
      <span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This approach is most valuable if the new implementations must be used to use a
particular package, as everyone interested in the package will need to have the
new command implementation.</p>
<p>Beginning with Python 2.4, a third option is available, intended to allow new
commands to be added which can support existing <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> scripts without
requiring modifications to the Python installation.  This is expected to allow
third-party extensions to provide support for additional packaging systems, but
the commands can be used for anything distutils commands can be used for.  A new
configuration option, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">command_packages</span></code> (command-line option
<code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--command-packages</span></code>), can be used to specify additional packages to be
searched for modules implementing commands.  Like all distutils options, this
can be specified on the command line or in a configuration file.  This option
can only be set in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[global]</span></code> section of a configuration file, or before
any commands on the command line.  If set in a configuration file, it can be
overridden from the command line; setting it to an empty string on the command
line causes the default to be used.  This should never be set in a configuration
file provided with a package.</p>
<p>This new option can be used to add any number of packages to the list of
packages searched for command implementations; multiple package names should be
separated by commas.  When not specified, the search is only performed in the
<a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#module-distutils.command" title="distutils.command: This subpackage contains one module for each standard Distutils command."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils.command</span></code></a> package.  When <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> is run with the option
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--command-packages</span> <span class="pre">distcmds,buildcmds</span></code>, however, the packages
<a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#module-distutils.command" title="distutils.command: This subpackage contains one module for each standard Distutils command."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils.command</span></code></a>, <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distcmds</span></code>, and <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buildcmds</span></code> will be searched
in that order.  New commands are expected to be implemented in modules of the
same name as the command by classes sharing the same name.  Given the example
command line option above, the command <strong class="command">bdist_openpkg</strong> could be
implemented by the class <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distcmds.bdist_openpkg.bdist_openpkg</span></code> or
<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buildcmds.bdist_openpkg.bdist_openpkg</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="adding-new-distribution-types">
<h2>8.2. Adding new distribution types<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-new-distribution-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Commands that create distributions (files in the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dist/</span></code> directory) need
to add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(command,</span> <span class="pre">filename)</span></code> pairs to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self.distribution.dist_files</span></code> so that
<strong class="command">upload</strong> can upload it to PyPI.  The <em>filename</em> in the pair contains no
path information, only the name of the file itself.  In dry-run mode, pairs
should still be added to represent what would have been created.</p>
</div>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">8. Extending Distutils</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#integrating-new-commands">8.1. Integrating new commands</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-new-distribution-types">8.2. Adding new distribution types</a></li>
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