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  <div class="section" id="module-bsddb">
<span id="bsddb-interface-to-berkeley-db-library"></span><h1>11.11. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> — Interface to Berkeley DB library<a class="headerlink" href="#module-bsddb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> module has been removed in Python 3.</p>
</div>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> module provides an interface to the Berkeley DB library.  Users
can create hash, btree or record based library files using the appropriate open
call. Bsddb objects behave generally like dictionaries.  Keys and values must be
strings, however, so to use other objects as keys or to store other kinds of
objects the user must serialize them somehow, typically using
<a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html#marshal.dumps" title="marshal.dumps"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal.dumps()</span></code></a> or  <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#pickle.dumps" title="pickle.dumps"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle.dumps()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> module requires a Berkeley DB library version from 4.0 thru
4.7.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm">http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm</a></dt>
<dd>The website with documentation for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></code> Python Berkeley DB
interface that closely mirrors the object oriented interface provided in
Berkeley DB 4.x itself.</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/">http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/</a></dt>
<dd>The Berkeley DB library.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>A more modern DB, DBEnv and DBSequence object interface is available in the
<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></code> module which closely matches the Berkeley DB C API documented at
the above URLs.  Additional features provided by the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></code> API include
fine tuning, transactions, logging, and multiprocess concurrent database access.</p>
<p>The following is a description of the legacy <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> interface compatible
with the old Python bsddb module.  Starting in Python 2.5 this interface should
be safe for multithreaded access.  The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></code> API is recommended for
threading users as it provides better control.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> module defines the following functions that create objects that
access the appropriate type of Berkeley DB file.  The first two arguments of
each function are the same.  For ease of portability, only the first two
arguments should be used in most instances.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="bsddb.hashopen">
<code class="descclassname">bsddb.</code><code class="descname">hashopen</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>filename</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flag</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>pgsize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ffactor</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>nelem</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cachesize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lorder</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>hflags</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.hashopen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Open the hash format file named <em>filename</em>.  Files never intended to be
preserved on disk may be created by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> as the  <em>filename</em>.  The
optional <em>flag</em> identifies the mode used to open the file.  It may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'r'</span></code>
(read only), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'w'</span></code> (read-write), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'c'</span></code> (read-write - create if necessary;
the default) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'n'</span></code> (read-write - truncate to zero length).  The other
arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbopen()</span></code>
function.  Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and
interpretation.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="bsddb.btopen">
<code class="descclassname">bsddb.</code><code class="descname">btopen</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>filename</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flag</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>btflags</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cachesize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>maxkeypage</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>minkeypage</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>pgsize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lorder</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.btopen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Open the btree format file named <em>filename</em>.  Files never intended  to be
preserved on disk may be created by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> as the  <em>filename</em>.  The
optional <em>flag</em> identifies the mode used to open the file.  It may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'r'</span></code>
(read only), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'w'</span></code> (read-write), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'c'</span></code> (read-write - create if necessary;
the default) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'n'</span></code> (read-write - truncate to zero length).  The other
arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level dbopen function.
Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="bsddb.rnopen">
<code class="descclassname">bsddb.</code><code class="descname">rnopen</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>filename</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flag</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>rnflags</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cachesize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>pgsize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lorder</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>rlen</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>delim</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>source</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>pad</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.rnopen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Open a DB record format file named <em>filename</em>.  Files never intended  to be
preserved on disk may be created by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> as the  <em>filename</em>.  The
optional <em>flag</em> identifies the mode used to open the file.  It may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'r'</span></code>
(read only), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'w'</span></code> (read-write), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'c'</span></code> (read-write - create if necessary;
the default) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'n'</span></code> (read-write - truncate to zero length).  The other
arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level dbopen function.
Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.</p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Beginning in 2.3 some Unix versions of Python may have a <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb185</span></code> module.
This is present <em>only</em> to allow backwards compatibility with systems which ship
with the old Berkeley DB 1.85 database library.  The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb185</span></code> module
should never be used directly in new code. The module has been removed in
Python 3.  If you find you still need it look in PyPI.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="dbhash.html#module-dbhash" title="dbhash: DBM-style interface to the BSD database library."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbhash</span></code></a></dt>
<dd>DBM-style interface to the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="hash-btree-and-record-objects">
<span id="bsddb-objects"></span><h2>11.11.1. Hash, BTree and Record Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#hash-btree-and-record-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Once instantiated, hash, btree and record objects support the same methods as
dictionaries.  In addition, they support the methods listed below.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.3.1: </span>Added dictionary methods.</p>
</div>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.close">
<code class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</code><code class="descname">close</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Close the underlying file.  The object can no longer be accessed.  Since there
is no open <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> method for these objects, to open the file again a new
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> module open function must be called.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.keys">
<code class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</code><code class="descname">keys</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the list of keys contained in the DB file.  The order of the list is
unspecified and should not be relied on.  In particular, the order of the list
returned is different for different file formats.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.has_key">
<code class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</code><code class="descname">has_key</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.has_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if the DB file contains the argument as a key.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.set_location">
<code class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</code><code class="descname">set_location</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>key</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.set_location" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the cursor to the item indicated by <em>key</em> and return a tuple containing the
key and its value.  For binary tree databases (opened using <a class="reference internal" href="#bsddb.btopen" title="bsddb.btopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">btopen()</span></code></a>), if
<em>key</em> does not actually exist in the database, the cursor will point to the next
item in sorted order and return that key and value.  For other databases,
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code></a> will be raised if <em>key</em> is not found in the database.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.first">
<code class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</code><code class="descname">first</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.first" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the cursor to the first item in the DB file and return it.  The order of
keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases. This
method raises <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.error</span></code> if the database is empty.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.next">
<code class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</code><code class="descname">next</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.next" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the cursor to the next item in the DB file and return it.  The order of
keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.previous">
<code class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</code><code class="descname">previous</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.previous" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the cursor to the previous item in the DB file and return it.  The order of
keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases.  This
is not supported on hashtable databases (those opened with <a class="reference internal" href="#bsddb.hashopen" title="bsddb.hashopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashopen()</span></code></a>).</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.last">
<code class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</code><code class="descname">last</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.last" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the cursor to the last item in the DB file and return it.  The order of keys
in the file is unspecified.  This is not supported on hashtable databases (those
opened with <a class="reference internal" href="#bsddb.hashopen" title="bsddb.hashopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashopen()</span></code></a>). This method raises <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.error</span></code> if the
database is empty.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.sync">
<code class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</code><code class="descname">sync</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.sync" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Synchronize the database on disk.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">bsddb</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bsddb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">btopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;spam.db&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;3&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">&#39;9&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">[&#39;0&#39;, &#39;1&#39;, &#39;2&#39;, &#39;3&#39;, &#39;4&#39;, &#39;5&#39;, &#39;6&#39;, &#39;7&#39;, &#39;8&#39;, &#39;9&#39;]</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;0&#39;, &#39;0&#39;)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;1&#39;, &#39;1&#39;)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;9&#39;, &#39;81&#39;)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_location</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;2&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;2&#39;, &#39;4&#39;)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">previous</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">(&#39;1&#39;, &#39;1&#39;)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iteritems</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>    <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span>
<span class="go">0 0</span>
<span class="go">1 1</span>
<span class="go">2 4</span>
<span class="go">3 9</span>
<span class="go">4 16</span>
<span class="go">5 25</span>
<span class="go">6 36</span>
<span class="go">7 49</span>
<span class="go">8 64</span>
<span class="go">9 81</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="s1">&#39;8&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">db</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sync</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">0</span>
</pre></div>
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