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  <div class="section" id="module-xml.sax.saxutils">
<span id="xml-sax-saxutils-sax-utilities"></span><h1>20.11. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.sax.saxutils" title="xml.sax.saxutils: Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></code></a> — SAX Utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#module-xml.sax.saxutils" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/xml/sax/saxutils.py">Lib/xml/sax/saxutils.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.sax.saxutils" title="xml.sax.saxutils: Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></code></a> contains a number of classes and functions
that are commonly useful when creating SAX applications, either in direct use,
or as base classes.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="xml.sax.saxutils.escape">
<code class="descclassname">xml.sax.saxutils.</code><code class="descname">escape</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em>, <em>entities={}</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.sax.saxutils.escape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Escape <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&amp;'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&lt;'</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&gt;'</span></code> in a string of data.</p>
<p>You can escape other strings of data by passing a dictionary as the optional
<em>entities</em> parameter.  The keys and values must all be strings; each key will be
replaced with its corresponding value.  The characters <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&amp;'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&lt;'</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&gt;'</span></code> are always escaped, even if <em>entities</em> is provided.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="xml.sax.saxutils.unescape">
<code class="descclassname">xml.sax.saxutils.</code><code class="descname">unescape</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em>, <em>entities={}</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.sax.saxutils.unescape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unescape <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&amp;amp;'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&amp;lt;'</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&amp;gt;'</span></code> in a string of data.</p>
<p>You can unescape other strings of data by passing a dictionary as the optional
<em>entities</em> parameter.  The keys and values must all be strings; each key will be
replaced with its corresponding value.  <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&amp;amp'</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&amp;lt;'</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'&amp;gt;'</span></code>
are always unescaped, even if <em>entities</em> is provided.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="xml.sax.saxutils.quoteattr">
<code class="descclassname">xml.sax.saxutils.</code><code class="descname">quoteattr</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em>, <em>entities={}</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.sax.saxutils.quoteattr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.sax.saxutils.escape" title="xml.sax.saxutils.escape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">escape()</span></code></a>, but also prepares <em>data</em> to be used as an
attribute value.  The return value is a quoted version of <em>data</em> with any
additional required replacements. <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.sax.saxutils.quoteattr" title="xml.sax.saxutils.quoteattr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quoteattr()</span></code></a> will select a quote
character based on the content of <em>data</em>, attempting to avoid encoding any
quote characters in the string.  If both single- and double-quote characters
are already in <em>data</em>, the double-quote characters will be encoded and <em>data</em>
will be wrapped in double-quotes.  The resulting string can be used directly
as an attribute value:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&lt;element attr=</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&gt;&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">quoteattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;ab &#39; cd </span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s2"> ef&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="go">&lt;element attr=&quot;ab &#39; cd &amp;quot; ef&quot;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This function is useful when generating attribute values for HTML or any SGML
using the reference concrete syntax.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="xml.sax.saxutils.XMLGenerator">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">xml.sax.saxutils.</code><code class="descname">XMLGenerator</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>out=None</em>, <em>encoding='iso-8859-1'</em>, <em>short_empty_elements=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.sax.saxutils.XMLGenerator" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class implements the <a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html#xml.sax.handler.ContentHandler" title="xml.sax.handler.ContentHandler"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ContentHandler</span></code></a> interface
by writing SAX
events back into an XML document. In other words, using an <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.sax.saxutils.XMLGenerator" title="xml.sax.saxutils.XMLGenerator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">XMLGenerator</span></code></a>
as the content handler will reproduce the original document being parsed. <em>out</em>
should be a file-like object which will default to <em>sys.stdout</em>. <em>encoding</em> is
the encoding of the output stream which defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'iso-8859-1'</span></code>.
<em>short_empty_elements</em> controls the formatting of elements that contain no
content:  if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> (the default) they are emitted as a pair of start/end
tags, if set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> they are emitted as a single self-closed tag.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2: </span>The <em>short_empty_elements</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="xml.sax.saxutils.XMLFilterBase">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">xml.sax.saxutils.</code><code class="descname">XMLFilterBase</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>base</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.sax.saxutils.XMLFilterBase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This class is designed to sit between an
<a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html#xml.sax.xmlreader.XMLReader" title="xml.sax.xmlreader.XMLReader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">XMLReader</span></code></a> and the client
application’s event handlers.  By default, it does nothing but pass requests up
to the reader and events on to the handlers unmodified, but subclasses can
override specific methods to modify the event stream or the configuration
requests as they pass through.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="xml.sax.saxutils.prepare_input_source">
<code class="descclassname">xml.sax.saxutils.</code><code class="descname">prepare_input_source</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>source</em>, <em>base=''</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#xml.sax.saxutils.prepare_input_source" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This function takes an input source and an optional base URL and returns a
fully resolved <a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html#xml.sax.xmlreader.InputSource" title="xml.sax.xmlreader.InputSource"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InputSource</span></code></a> object ready for
reading.  The input source can be given as a string, a file-like object, or
an <a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html#xml.sax.xmlreader.InputSource" title="xml.sax.xmlreader.InputSource"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InputSource</span></code></a> object; parsers will use this
function to implement the polymorphic <em>source</em> argument to their
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parse()</span></code> method.</p>
</dd></dl>

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