晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行，忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林，夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷。渔人甚异之，复前行，欲穷其林。 　　林尽水源，便得一山，山有小口，仿佛若有光。便舍船，从口入。初极狭，才通人。复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田、美池、桑竹之属。阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人。黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。 　　见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。具答之。便要还家，设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人，咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱，率妻子邑人来此绝境，不复出焉，遂与外人间隔。问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻，皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家，皆出酒食。停数日，辞去。此中人语云：“不足为外人道也。”(间隔 一作：隔绝) 　　既出，得其船，便扶向路，处处志之。及郡下，诣太守，说如此。太守即遣人随其往，寻向所志，遂迷，不复得路。 　　南阳刘子骥，高尚士也，闻之，欣然规往。未果，寻病终。后遂无问津者。 .
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  <div class="section" id="module-xml">
<span id="xml-processing-modules"></span><span id="xml"></span><h1>20.4. XML Processing Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#module-xml" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Lib/xml/">Lib/xml/</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>Python’s interfaces for processing XML are grouped in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml</span></code> package.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">The XML modules are not secure against erroneous or maliciously
constructed data.  If you need to parse untrusted or
unauthenticated data see the <a class="reference internal" href="#xml-vulnerabilities"><span class="std std-ref">XML vulnerabilities</span></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#defused-packages"><span class="std std-ref">The defusedxml and defusedexpat Packages</span></a> sections.</p>
</div>
<p>It is important to note that modules in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml" title="xml: Package containing XML processing modules"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml</span></code></a> package require that
there be at least one SAX-compliant XML parser available. The Expat parser is
included with Python, so the <a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat" title="xml.parsers.expat: An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code></a> module will always be
available.</p>
<p>The documentation for the <a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html#module-xml.sax" title="xml.sax: Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code></a> packages are the
definition of the Python bindings for the DOM and SAX interfaces.</p>
<p>The XML handling submodules are:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code></a>: the ElementTree API, a simple and lightweight
XML processor</li>
</ul>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code></a>: the DOM API definition</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code></a>: a minimal DOM implementation</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html#module-xml.dom.pulldom" title="xml.dom.pulldom: Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code></a>: support for building partial DOM trees</li>
</ul>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html#module-xml.sax" title="xml.sax: Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code></a>: SAX2 base classes and convenience functions</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat" title="xml.parsers.expat: An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code></a>: the Expat parser binding</li>
</ul>
<div class="section" id="xml-vulnerabilities">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>20.4.1. XML vulnerabilities<a class="headerlink" href="#xml-vulnerabilities" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The XML processing modules are not secure against maliciously constructed data.
An attacker can abuse XML features to carry out denial of service attacks,
access local files, generate network connections to other machines, or
circumvent firewalls.</p>
<p>The following table gives an overview of the known attacks and whether
the various modules are vulnerable to them.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="26%" />
<col width="15%" />
<col width="16%" />
<col width="15%" />
<col width="15%" />
<col width="15%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">kind</th>
<th class="head">sax</th>
<th class="head">etree</th>
<th class="head">minidom</th>
<th class="head">pulldom</th>
<th class="head">xmlrpc</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>billion laughs</td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>quadratic blowup</td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>external entity expansion</td>
<td>Safe (4)</td>
<td>Safe    (1)</td>
<td>Safe    (2)</td>
<td>Safe (4)</td>
<td>Safe    (3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition">DTD</a> retrieval</td>
<td>Safe (4)</td>
<td>Safe</td>
<td>Safe</td>
<td>Safe (4)</td>
<td>Safe</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>decompression bomb</td>
<td>Safe</td>
<td>Safe</td>
<td>Safe</td>
<td>Safe</td>
<td><strong>Vulnerable</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code></a> doesn’t expand external entities and raises a
<code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ParserError</span></code> when an entity occurs.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code></a> doesn’t expand external entities and simply returns
the unexpanded entity verbatim.</li>
<li><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpclib</span></code> doesn’t expand external entities and omits them.</li>
<li>Since Python 3.8.0, external general entities are no longer processed by
default since Python.</li>
</ol>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>billion laughs / exponential entity expansion</dt>
<dd>The <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_laughs">Billion Laughs</a> attack – also known as exponential entity expansion –
uses multiple levels of nested entities. Each entity refers to another entity
several times, and the final entity definition contains a small string.
The exponential expansion results in several gigabytes of text and
consumes lots of memory and CPU time.</dd>
<dt>quadratic blowup entity expansion</dt>
<dd>A quadratic blowup attack is similar to a <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_laughs">Billion Laughs</a> attack; it abuses
entity expansion, too. Instead of nested entities it repeats one large entity
with a couple of thousand chars over and over again. The attack isn’t as
efficient as the exponential case but it avoids triggering parser countermeasures
that forbid deeply-nested entities.</dd>
<dt>external entity expansion</dt>
<dd>Entity declarations can contain more than just text for replacement. They can
also point to external resources or local files. The XML
parser accesses the resource and embeds the content into the XML document.</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_type_definition">DTD</a> retrieval</dt>
<dd>Some XML libraries like Python’s <a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html#module-xml.dom.pulldom" title="xml.dom.pulldom: Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code></a> retrieve document type
definitions from remote or local locations. The feature has similar
implications as the external entity expansion issue.</dd>
<dt>decompression bomb</dt>
<dd>Decompression bombs (aka <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb">ZIP bomb</a>) apply to all XML libraries
that can parse compressed XML streams such as gzipped HTTP streams or
LZMA-compressed
files. For an attacker it can reduce the amount of transmitted data by three
magnitudes or more.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The documentation for <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/defusedxml/">defusedxml</a> on PyPI has further information about
all known attack vectors with examples and references.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-defusedxml-and-defusedexpat-packages">
<span id="defused-packages"></span><h2>20.4.2. The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defusedxml</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defusedexpat</span></code> Packages<a class="headerlink" href="#the-defusedxml-and-defusedexpat-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/defusedxml/">defusedxml</a> is a pure Python package with modified subclasses of all stdlib
XML parsers that prevent any potentially malicious operation. Use of this
package is recommended for any server code that parses untrusted XML data. The
package also ships with example exploits and extended documentation on more
XML exploits such as XPath injection.</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/defusedexpat/">defusedexpat</a> provides a modified libexpat and a patched
<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyexpat</span></code> module that have countermeasures against entity expansion
DoS attacks. The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defusedexpat</span></code> module still allows a sane and configurable amount of entity
expansions. The modifications may be included in some future release of Python,
but will not be included in any bugfix releases of
Python because they break backward compatibility.</p>
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