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  <div class="section" id="module-imputil">
<span id="imputil-import-utilities"></span><h1>31.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-imputil" title="imputil: Manage and augment the import process. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imputil</span></code></a> — Import utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#module-imputil" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-imputil" title="imputil: Manage and augment the import process. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imputil</span></code></a> module has been removed in Python 3.</p>
</div>
<p id="index-0">This module provides a very handy and useful mechanism for custom
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#import"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code></a> hooks. Compared to the older <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ihooks</span></code> module,
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-imputil" title="imputil: Manage and augment the import process. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imputil</span></code></a> takes a dramatically simpler and more straight-forward
approach to custom <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#import"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code></a> functions.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="imputil.ImportManager">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">imputil.</code><code class="descname">ImportManager</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>fs_imp</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.ImportManager" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Manage the import process.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.ImportManager.install">
<code class="descname">install</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>namespace</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.ImportManager.install" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Install this ImportManager into the specified namespace.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.ImportManager.uninstall">
<code class="descname">uninstall</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.ImportManager.uninstall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Restore the previous import mechanism.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.ImportManager.add_suffix">
<code class="descname">add_suffix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>suffix</em>, <em>importFunc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.ImportManager.add_suffix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Undocumented.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="imputil.Importer">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">imputil.</code><code class="descname">Importer</code><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.Importer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Base class for replacing standard import functions.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.Importer.import_top">
<code class="descname">import_top</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>name</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.Importer.import_top" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Import a top-level module.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.Importer.get_code">
<code class="descname">get_code</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>parent</em>, <em>modname</em>, <em>fqname</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.Importer.get_code" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Find and retrieve the code for the given module.</p>
<p><em>parent</em> specifies a parent module to define a context for importing.
It may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, indicating no particular context for the search.</p>
<p><em>modname</em> specifies a single module (not dotted) within the parent.</p>
<p><em>fqname</em> specifies the fully-qualified module name. This is a
(potentially) dotted name from the “root” of the module namespace
down to the modname.</p>
<p>If there is no parent, then modname==fqname.</p>
<p>This method should return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, or a 3-tuple.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li>If the module was not found, then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> should be returned.</li>
<li>The first item of the 2- or 3-tuple should be the integer 0 or 1,
specifying whether the module that was found is a package or not.</li>
<li>The second item is the code object for the module (it will be
executed within the new module’s namespace). This item can also
be a fully-loaded module object (e.g. loaded from a shared lib).</li>
<li>The third item is a dictionary of name/value pairs that will be
inserted into new module before the code object is executed. This
is provided in case the module’s code expects certain values (such
as where the module was found). When the second item is a module
object, then these names/values will be inserted <em>after</em> the module
has been loaded/initialized.</li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="imputil.BuiltinImporter">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">imputil.</code><code class="descname">BuiltinImporter</code><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.BuiltinImporter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Emulate the import mechanism for built-in and frozen modules.  This is a
sub-class of the <a class="reference internal" href="#imputil.Importer" title="imputil.Importer"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Importer</span></code></a> class.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.BuiltinImporter.get_code">
<code class="descname">get_code</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>parent</em>, <em>modname</em>, <em>fqname</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.BuiltinImporter.get_code" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Undocumented.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="imputil.py_suffix_importer">
<code class="descclassname">imputil.</code><code class="descname">py_suffix_importer</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>filename</em>, <em>finfo</em>, <em>fqname</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.py_suffix_importer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Undocumented.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="imputil.DynLoadSuffixImporter">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">imputil.</code><code class="descname">DynLoadSuffixImporter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>desc</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.DynLoadSuffixImporter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Undocumented.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.DynLoadSuffixImporter.import_file">
<code class="descname">import_file</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>filename</em>, <em>finfo</em>, <em>fqname</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.DynLoadSuffixImporter.import_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Undocumented.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="examples">
<span id="examples-imputil"></span><h2>31.3.1. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This is a re-implementation of hierarchical module import.</p>
<p>This code is intended to be read, not executed.  However, it does work
– all you need to do to enable it is “import knee”.</p>
<p>(The name is a pun on the clunkier predecessor of this module, “ni”.)</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">imp</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">__builtin__</span>

<span class="c1"># Replacement for __import__()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">import_hook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">locals</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fromlist</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">determine_parent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">find_head_package</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_tail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">fromlist</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">q</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;__path__&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">ensure_fromlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fromlist</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">m</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">determine_parent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">globals</span> <span class="ow">or</span>  <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;__name__&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
    <span class="n">pname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;__name__&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;__path__&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pname</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">globals</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">parent</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s1">&#39;.&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">pname</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pname</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rfind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">pname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pname</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pname</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">pname</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">parent</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">None</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">find_head_package</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s1">&#39;.&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">head</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="n">tail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>
    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">head</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span>
        <span class="n">tail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">qname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">head</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">qname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">head</span>
    <span class="n">q</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">qname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">qname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">head</span>
        <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
        <span class="n">q</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">qname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span>
    <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;No module named &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">qname</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_tail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">q</span>
    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">head</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>
        <span class="n">mname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">head</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;No module named &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">mname</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">m</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">ensure_fromlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fromlist</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">sub</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">fromlist</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sub</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;*&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="nb">all</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__all__</span>
                <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="k">pass</span>
                <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="n">ensure_fromlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">all</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">continue</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sub</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;*&quot;</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="n">subname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="n">submod</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">subname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">submod</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;No module named &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">subname</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">partname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fqname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">fqname</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">pass</span>
    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pathname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stuff</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">imp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">partname</span><span class="p">,</span>
                                              <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__path__</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">imp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fqname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pathname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="nb">setattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">partname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">m</span>


<span class="c1"># Replacement for reload()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">reload_hook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s1">&#39;.&#39;</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rfind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">pname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pname</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:],</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">)</span>


<span class="c1"># Save the original hooks</span>
<span class="n">original_import</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">__builtin__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__import__</span>
<span class="n">original_reload</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">__builtin__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reload</span>

<span class="c1"># Now install our hooks</span>
<span class="n">__builtin__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__import__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_hook</span>
<span class="n">__builtin__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reload</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">reload_hook</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p id="index-1">Also see the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importers</span></code> module (which can be found
in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Demo/imputil/</span></code> in the Python source distribution) for additional
examples.</p>
</div>
</div>


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