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:mod:`bz2` --- Compression compatible with :program:`bzip2`
===========================================================
.. module:: bz2
:synopsis: Interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with bzip2.
.. moduleauthor:: Gustavo Niemeyer <niemeyer@conectiva.com>
.. sectionauthor:: Gustavo Niemeyer <niemeyer@conectiva.com>
.. versionadded:: 2.3
This module provides a comprehensive interface for the bz2 compression library.
It implements a complete file interface, one-shot (de)compression functions, and
types for sequential (de)compression.
Here is a summary of the features offered by the bz2 module:
* :class:`BZ2File` class implements a complete file interface, including
:meth:`~BZ2File.readline`, :meth:`~BZ2File.readlines`,
:meth:`~BZ2File.writelines`, :meth:`~BZ2File.seek`, etc;
* :class:`BZ2File` class implements emulated :meth:`~BZ2File.seek` support;
* :class:`BZ2File` class implements universal newline support;
* :class:`BZ2File` class offers an optimized line iteration using the readahead
algorithm borrowed from file objects;
* Sequential (de)compression supported by :class:`BZ2Compressor` and
:class:`BZ2Decompressor` classes;
* One-shot (de)compression supported by :func:`compress` and :func:`decompress`
functions;
* Thread safety uses individual locking mechanism.
.. note::
Handling of multi-stream bzip2 files is not supported. Modules such as
`bz2file <https://github.com/nvawda/bz2file>`_ let you overcome this.
(De)compression of files
------------------------
Handling of compressed files is offered by the :class:`BZ2File` class.
.. index::
single: universal newlines; bz2.BZ2File class
.. class:: BZ2File(filename[, mode[, buffering[, compresslevel]]])
Open a bz2 file. Mode can be either ``'r'`` or ``'w'``, for reading (default)
or writing. When opened for writing, the file will be created if it doesn't
exist, and truncated otherwise. If *buffering* is given, ``0`` means
unbuffered, and larger numbers specify the buffer size; the default is
``0``. If *compresslevel* is given, it must be a number between ``1`` and
``9``; the default is ``9``. Add a ``'U'`` to mode to open the file for input
in :term:`universal newlines` mode. Any line ending in the input file will be
seen as a ``'\n'`` in Python. Also, a file so opened gains the attribute
:attr:`newlines`; the value for this attribute is one of ``None`` (no newline
read yet), ``'\r'``, ``'\n'``, ``'\r\n'`` or a tuple containing all the
newline types seen. Universal newlines are available only when
reading. Instances support iteration in the same way as normal :class:`file`
instances.
:class:`BZ2File` supports the :keyword:`with` statement.
.. versionchanged:: 2.7
Support for the :keyword:`with` statement was added.
.. note::
This class does not support input files containing multiple streams (such
as those produced by the :program:`pbzip2` tool). When reading such an
input file, only the first stream will be accessible. If you require
support for multi-stream files, consider using the third-party
:mod:`bz2file` module (available from
`PyPI <https://pypi.org/project/bz2file>`_). This module provides a
backport of Python 3.3's :class:`BZ2File` class, which does support
multi-stream files.
.. method:: close()
Close the file. Sets data attribute :attr:`closed` to true. A closed file
cannot be used for further I/O operations. :meth:`close` may be called
more than once without error.
.. method:: read([size])
Read at most *size* uncompressed bytes, returned as a string. If the
*size* argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
.. method:: readline([size])
Return the next line from the file, as a string, retaining newline. A
non-negative *size* argument limits the maximum number of bytes to return
(an incomplete line may be returned then). Return an empty string at EOF.
.. method:: readlines([size])
Return a list of lines read. The optional *size* argument, if given, is an
approximate bound on the total number of bytes in the lines returned.
.. method:: xreadlines()
For backward compatibility. :class:`BZ2File` objects now include the
performance optimizations previously implemented in the :mod:`xreadlines`
module.
.. deprecated:: 2.3
This exists only for compatibility with the method by this name on
:class:`file` objects, which is deprecated. Use ``for line in file``
instead.
.. method:: seek(offset[, whence])
Move to new file position. Argument *offset* is a byte count. Optional
argument *whence* defaults to ``os.SEEK_SET`` or ``0`` (offset from start
of file; offset should be ``>= 0``); other values are ``os.SEEK_CUR`` or
``1`` (move relative to current position; offset can be positive or
negative), and ``os.SEEK_END`` or ``2`` (move relative to end of file;
offset is usually negative, although many platforms allow seeking beyond
the end of a file).
Note that seeking of bz2 files is emulated, and depending on the
parameters the operation may be extremely slow.
.. method:: tell()
Return the current file position, an integer (may be a long integer).
.. method:: write(data)
Write string *data* to file. Note that due to buffering, :meth:`close` may
be needed before the file on disk reflects the data written.
.. method:: writelines(sequence_of_strings)
Write the sequence of strings to the file. Note that newlines are not
added. The sequence can be any iterable object producing strings. This is
equivalent to calling write() for each string.
Sequential (de)compression
--------------------------
Sequential compression and decompression is done using the classes
:class:`BZ2Compressor` and :class:`BZ2Decompressor`.
.. class:: BZ2Compressor([compresslevel])
Create a new compressor object. This object may be used to compress data
sequentially. If you want to compress data in one shot, use the
:func:`compress` function instead. The *compresslevel* parameter, if given,
must be a number between ``1`` and ``9``; the default is ``9``.
.. method:: compress(data)
Provide more data to the compressor object. It will return chunks of
compressed data whenever possible. When you've finished providing data to
compress, call the :meth:`flush` method to finish the compression process,
and return what is left in internal buffers.
.. method:: flush()
Finish the compression process and return what is left in internal
buffers. You must not use the compressor object after calling this method.
.. class:: BZ2Decompressor()
Create a new decompressor object. This object may be used to decompress data
sequentially. If you want to decompress data in one shot, use the
:func:`decompress` function instead.
.. method:: decompress(data)
Provide more data to the decompressor object. It will return chunks of
decompressed data whenever possible. If you try to decompress data after
the end of stream is found, :exc:`EOFError` will be raised. If any data
was found after the end of stream, it'll be ignored and saved in
:attr:`unused_data` attribute.
One-shot (de)compression
------------------------
One-shot compression and decompression is provided through the :func:`compress`
and :func:`decompress` functions.
.. function:: compress(data[, compresslevel])
Compress *data* in one shot. If you want to compress data sequentially, use
an instance of :class:`BZ2Compressor` instead. The *compresslevel* parameter,
if given, must be a number between ``1`` and ``9``; the default is ``9``.
.. function:: decompress(data)
Decompress *data* in one shot. If you want to decompress data sequentially,
use an instance of :class:`BZ2Decompressor` instead.