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"""
Lightweight connection pooling for peewee.
In a multi-threaded application, up to `max_connections` will be opened. Each
thread (or, if using gevent, greenlet) will have it's own connection.
In a single-threaded application, only one connection will be created. It will
be continually recycled until either it exceeds the stale timeout or is closed
explicitly (using `.manual_close()`).
By default, all your application needs to do is ensure that connections are
closed when you are finished with them, and they will be returned to the pool.
For web applications, this typically means that at the beginning of a request,
you will open a connection, and when you return a response, you will close the
connection.
Simple Postgres pool example code:
# Use the special postgresql extensions.
from playhouse.pool import PooledPostgresqlExtDatabase
db = PooledPostgresqlExtDatabase(
'my_app',
max_connections=32,
stale_timeout=300, # 5 minutes.
user='postgres')
class BaseModel(Model):
class Meta:
database = db
That's it!
"""
import heapq
import logging
import random
import time
from collections import namedtuple
from itertools import chain
try:
from psycopg2.extensions import TRANSACTION_STATUS_IDLE
from psycopg2.extensions import TRANSACTION_STATUS_INERROR
from psycopg2.extensions import TRANSACTION_STATUS_UNKNOWN
except ImportError:
TRANSACTION_STATUS_IDLE = \
TRANSACTION_STATUS_INERROR = \
TRANSACTION_STATUS_UNKNOWN = None
from peewee import MySQLDatabase
from peewee import PostgresqlDatabase
from peewee import SqliteDatabase
logger = logging.getLogger('peewee.pool')
def make_int(val):
if val is not None and not isinstance(val, (int, float)):
return int(val)
return val
class MaxConnectionsExceeded(ValueError): pass
PoolConnection = namedtuple('PoolConnection', ('timestamp', 'connection',
'checked_out'))
class PooledDatabase(object):
def __init__(self, database, max_connections=20, stale_timeout=None,
timeout=None, **kwargs):
self._max_connections = make_int(max_connections)
self._stale_timeout = make_int(stale_timeout)
self._wait_timeout = make_int(timeout)
if self._wait_timeout == 0:
self._wait_timeout = float('inf')
# Available / idle connections stored in a heap, sorted oldest first.
self._connections = []
# Mapping of connection id to PoolConnection. Ordinarily we would want
# to use something like a WeakKeyDictionary, but Python typically won't
# allow us to create weak references to connection objects.
self._in_use = {}
# Use the memory address of the connection as the key in the event the
# connection object is not hashable. Connections will not get
# garbage-collected, however, because a reference to them will persist
# in "_in_use" as long as the conn has not been closed.
self.conn_key = id
super(PooledDatabase, self).__init__(database, **kwargs)
def init(self, database, max_connections=None, stale_timeout=None,
timeout=None, **connect_kwargs):
super(PooledDatabase, self).init(database, **connect_kwargs)
if max_connections is not None:
self._max_connections = make_int(max_connections)
if stale_timeout is not None:
self._stale_timeout = make_int(stale_timeout)
if timeout is not None:
self._wait_timeout = make_int(timeout)
if self._wait_timeout == 0:
self._wait_timeout = float('inf')
def connect(self, reuse_if_open=False):
if not self._wait_timeout:
return super(PooledDatabase, self).connect(reuse_if_open)
expires = time.time() + self._wait_timeout
while expires > time.time():
try:
ret = super(PooledDatabase, self).connect(reuse_if_open)
except MaxConnectionsExceeded:
time.sleep(0.1)
else:
return ret
raise MaxConnectionsExceeded('Max connections exceeded, timed out '
'attempting to connect.')
def _connect(self):
while True:
try:
# Remove the oldest connection from the heap.
ts, conn = heapq.heappop(self._connections)
key = self.conn_key(conn)
except IndexError:
ts = conn = None
logger.debug('No connection available in pool.')
break
else:
if self._is_closed(conn):
# This connecton was closed, but since it was not stale
# it got added back to the queue of available conns. We
# then closed it and marked it as explicitly closed, so
# it's safe to throw it away now.
# (Because Database.close() calls Database._close()).
logger.debug('Connection %s was closed.', key)
ts = conn = None
elif self._stale_timeout and self._is_stale(ts):
# If we are attempting to check out a stale connection,
# then close it. We don't need to mark it in the "closed"
# set, because it is not in the list of available conns
# anymore.
logger.debug('Connection %s was stale, closing.', key)
self._close(conn, True)
ts = conn = None
else:
break
if conn is None:
if self._max_connections and (
len(self._in_use) >= self._max_connections):
raise MaxConnectionsExceeded('Exceeded maximum connections.')
conn = super(PooledDatabase, self)._connect()
ts = time.time() - random.random() / 1000
key = self.conn_key(conn)
logger.debug('Created new connection %s.', key)
self._in_use[key] = PoolConnection(ts, conn, time.time())
return conn
def _is_stale(self, timestamp):
# Called on check-out and check-in to ensure the connection has
# not outlived the stale timeout.
return (time.time() - timestamp) > self._stale_timeout
def _is_closed(self, conn):
return False
def _can_reuse(self, conn):
# Called on check-in to make sure the connection can be re-used.
return True
def _close(self, conn, close_conn=False):
key = self.conn_key(conn)
if close_conn:
super(PooledDatabase, self)._close(conn)
elif key in self._in_use:
pool_conn = self._in_use.pop(key)
if self._stale_timeout and self._is_stale(pool_conn.timestamp):
logger.debug('Closing stale connection %s.', key)
super(PooledDatabase, self)._close(conn)
elif self._can_reuse(conn):
logger.debug('Returning %s to pool.', key)
heapq.heappush(self._connections, (pool_conn.timestamp, conn))
else:
logger.debug('Closed %s.', key)
def manual_close(self):
"""
Close the underlying connection without returning it to the pool.
"""
if self.is_closed():
return False
# Obtain reference to the connection in-use by the calling thread.
conn = self.connection()
# A connection will only be re-added to the available list if it is
# marked as "in use" at the time it is closed. We will explicitly
# remove it from the "in use" list, call "close()" for the
# side-effects, and then explicitly close the connection.
self._in_use.pop(self.conn_key(conn), None)
self.close()
self._close(conn, close_conn=True)
def close_idle(self):
# Close any open connections that are not currently in-use.
with self._lock:
for _, conn in self._connections:
self._close(conn, close_conn=True)
self._connections = []
def close_stale(self, age=600):
# Close any connections that are in-use but were checked out quite some
# time ago and can be considered stale.
with self._lock:
in_use = {}
cutoff = time.time() - age
n = 0
for key, pool_conn in self._in_use.items():
if pool_conn.checked_out < cutoff:
self._close(pool_conn.connection, close_conn=True)
n += 1
else:
in_use[key] = pool_conn
self._in_use = in_use
return n
def close_all(self):
# Close all connections -- available and in-use. Warning: may break any
# active connections used by other threads.
self.close()
with self._lock:
for _, conn in self._connections:
self._close(conn, close_conn=True)
for pool_conn in self._in_use.values():
self._close(pool_conn.connection, close_conn=True)
self._connections = []
self._in_use = {}
class PooledMySQLDatabase(PooledDatabase, MySQLDatabase):
def _is_closed(self, conn):
try:
conn.ping(False)
except:
return True
else:
return False
class _PooledPostgresqlDatabase(PooledDatabase):
def _is_closed(self, conn):
if conn.closed:
return True
txn_status = conn.get_transaction_status()
if txn_status == TRANSACTION_STATUS_UNKNOWN:
return True
elif txn_status != TRANSACTION_STATUS_IDLE:
conn.rollback()
return False
def _can_reuse(self, conn):
txn_status = conn.get_transaction_status()
# Do not return connection in an error state, as subsequent queries
# will all fail. If the status is unknown then we lost the connection
# to the server and the connection should not be re-used.
if txn_status == TRANSACTION_STATUS_UNKNOWN:
return False
elif txn_status == TRANSACTION_STATUS_INERROR:
conn.reset()
elif txn_status != TRANSACTION_STATUS_IDLE:
conn.rollback()
return True
class PooledPostgresqlDatabase(_PooledPostgresqlDatabase, PostgresqlDatabase):
pass
try:
from playhouse.postgres_ext import PostgresqlExtDatabase
class PooledPostgresqlExtDatabase(_PooledPostgresqlDatabase, PostgresqlExtDatabase):
pass
except ImportError:
PooledPostgresqlExtDatabase = None
class _PooledSqliteDatabase(PooledDatabase):
def _is_closed(self, conn):
try:
conn.total_changes
except:
return True
else:
return False
class PooledSqliteDatabase(_PooledSqliteDatabase, SqliteDatabase):
pass
try:
from playhouse.sqlite_ext import SqliteExtDatabase
class PooledSqliteExtDatabase(_PooledSqliteDatabase, SqliteExtDatabase):
pass
except ImportError:
PooledSqliteExtDatabase = None
try:
from playhouse.sqlite_ext import CSqliteExtDatabase
class PooledCSqliteExtDatabase(_PooledSqliteDatabase, CSqliteExtDatabase):
pass
except ImportError:
PooledCSqliteExtDatabase = None